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epaulette shark
The epaulette shark (''Hemiscyllium ocellatum'') is a species of longtailed carpet shark, family Hemiscylliidae, found in shallow, tropical waters off Australia and New Guinea (and possibly elsewhere). The common name of this shark comes from the very large, white-margined black spot behind each pectoral fin, which are reminiscent of military epaulettes. A small species usually under 1 m (3.3 ft) long, the epaulette shark has a slender body with a short head and broad, paddle-shaped paired fins. The caudal peduncle (to which the tail fin is attached) comprises over half the shark's length. Adults are light brown above, with scattered darker spots and indistinct saddles.
Epaulette sharks have nocturnal habits and frequent shallow water on coral reefs or in tidal pools. This shark has evolved to cope with the severe night time oxygen depletion (hypoxia) in isolated tidal pools by increasing the blood supply to its brain and selectively shutting down non-essential neural functions. It is capable of surviving complete anoxia for an hour without ill effects, and at a much higher temperature than most other hypoxia-tolerant animals. Rather than swim, epaulette sharks often "walk" by wriggling their bodies and pushing with their paired fins. This species feeds on a wide range of small benthic invertebrates and bony fishes. Epaulette sharks are oviparous, with females depositing pairs of egg capsules around every 14 days from August to December. Due to their hardiness and small size, epaulette sharks are popular with both public and home aquaria. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed this species as of Least Concern, as outside of the small aquarium trade it is of little interest to fisheries.
==Taxonomy and phylogeny==
The epaulette shark was originally described as ''Squalus ocellatus'' by the French naturalist Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre in the 1788 ''Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature''. The name was later changed to the currently valid ''Hemiscyllium ocellatum''. The type specimen was a 35 cm (14 in) long immature male caught near Cookstown, Queensland, Australia. Other common names for this species are the itar shark and the blind shark (also used for ''Brachaelurus waddi''). Goto's 2002 morphological analysis of the carpet sharks showed the genus ''Hemiscyllium'' as a polytomy, meaning that the phylogenetic relationships between the epaulette shark and its sister species could not be resolved.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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